52499 sc high arctoken factory s admin cannot upgrade an arctoken

• Submitted on Aug 11th 2025 at 09:21:24 UTC by @IronsideSec for Attackathon | Plume Network

• Report ID: #52499

• Report Type: Smart Contract

• Report severity: High

• Target: https://github.com/immunefi-team/attackathon-plume-network/blob/main/arc/src/ArcTokenFactory.sol

• Impacts:

  • Contract fails to deliver promised returns, but doesn't lose value

Description

Brief/Intro

ArcToken governance is inconsistent with the intended “factory-controlled upgrades.” The token deployer (token DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) can revoke the factory’s UPGRADER_ROLE on a token, causing the factory’s upgradeToken to revert. Additionally, the token deployer can grant themselves UPGRADER_ROLE and upgrade the token to any implementation, bypassing the factory’s whitelist. This can lead to governance DoS on upgrades or arbitrary/malicious upgrades.

Note: see Recommendations section, if you intend this is an intended design.

Vulnerability Details

• Because the token deployer has DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE on the token, they can:

  • Revoke the factory’s UPGRADER_ROLE on that token, making factory upgrades revert.

  • Grant themselves UPGRADER_ROLE and then call upgradeTo/upgradeToAndCall to a non-whitelisted implementation, bypassing factory controls.

High-level steps (replicated as a POC test) are shown below.

1

Step: Create a token via factory

User creates a token via factory; user is token DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE.

2

Step: Revoke factory upgrader role

User revokes factory’s UPGRADER_ROLE on that token:

ArcToken(token).revokeRole(ArcToken(token).UPGRADER_ROLE(), address(factory))

3

Step: Factory admin whitelists implementation and attempts upgrade

Factory admin whitelists a new implementation in the factory and calls:

factory.upgradeToken(token, newImpl)

4

Step: Call reverts

Call reverts with AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount(factory, UPGRADER_ROLE) from the token’s _authorizeUpgrade.

Additional technical observations:

• Factory grants itself UPGRADER_ROLE at token creation:

Source: arc/src/ArcTokenFactory.sol

// ... in createToken()
token.grantRole(token.DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE(), msg.sender);
token.grantRole(token.ADMIN_ROLE(), msg.sender);
token.grantRole(token.MANAGER_ROLE(), msg.sender);
token.grantRole(token.YIELD_MANAGER_ROLE(), msg.sender);
token.grantRole(token.YIELD_DISTRIBUTOR_ROLE(), msg.sender);
token.grantRole(token.MINTER_ROLE(), msg.sender);
token.grantRole(token.BURNER_ROLE(), msg.sender);
token.grantRole(token.UPGRADER_ROLE(), address(this));

• Token upgrade authorization checks only for UPGRADER_ROLE; it does not verify the factory whitelist:

Source: arc/src/ArcToken.sol

function initialize(
    // ...
) public initializer {
    require(routerAddress_ != address(0), "Router address cannot be zero");
    // ...
    _grantRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE, msg.sender);
    _grantRole(ADMIN_ROLE, msg.sender);
    _grantRole(MANAGER_ROLE, msg.sender);
    _grantRole(YIELD_MANAGER_ROLE, msg.sender);
    _grantRole(YIELD_DISTRIBUTOR_ROLE, msg.sender);
    // ...
}

function _authorizeUpgrade(
    address newImplementation
) internal override onlyRole(UPGRADER_ROLE) { }

• Factory’s upgrade entrypoint enforces whitelist but relies on being able to call the token’s UUPS upgrade, which requires the token-level UPGRADER_ROLE:

Source: arc/src/ArcTokenFactory.sol

function upgradeToken(address token, address newImplementation) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
    // ...
    bytes32 codeHash = _getCodeHash(newImplementation);
    if (!fs.allowedImplementations[codeHash]) {
        revert ImplementationNotWhitelisted();
    }

    UUPSUpgradeable(token).upgradeToAndCall(newImplementation, "");

    fs.tokenToImplementation[token] = newImplementation;
}

Impact Details

• Factory cannot upgrade tokens it created (and is expected to govern) if the token deployer revokes UPGRADER_ROLE → governance DoS on applying critical fixes or parameter changes.

• Token deployer can self-assign UPGRADER_ROLE and upgrade to arbitrary, non-whitelisted implementations → potential malicious logic deployment and asset loss.

• Severity: High for governance integrity; potentially Critical if the token holds or manages funds post-upgrade.

Recommendations

• If the factory is intended to be the sole upgrade authority:

  • Restrict token upgrades to the factory: in ArcToken._authorizeUpgrade, require msg.sender == factory OR a factory-owned role that is not administrable by the token deployer (e.g., set the role admin to a factory-controlled admin role, not the token DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE).

  • Alternatively, make the token’s UPGRADER_ROLE admin a role held by the factory, preventing the token deployer from revoking or reassigning it.

• If the design intentionally allows token-level sovereignty:

  • Enforce factory whitelist at the token level: in ArcToken._authorizeUpgrade, also validate that the newImplementation is whitelisted by the factory (e.g., call a factory getter like isImplementationWhitelisted(newImplementation)), so even sovereign upgrades cannot bypass the whitelist.

  • Consider requiring that any upgrade be initiated via the factory (e.g., token delegates upgrade authority to factory), even if deployer retains other management roles.

References

See code snippets with GitHub links in the Vulnerability Details section above:

• Factory createToken: https://github.com/immunefi-team/attackathon-plume-network/blob/580cc6d61b08a728bd98f11b9a2140b84f41c802/arc/src/ArcTokenFactory.sol#L200

• ArcToken initialize & _authorizeUpgrade: https://github.com/immunefi-team/attackathon-plume-network/blob/580cc6d61b08a728bd98f11b9a2140b84f41c802/arc/src/ArcToken.sol#L113-L117 and https://github.com/immunefi-team/attackathon-plume-network/blob/580cc6d61b08a728bd98f11b9a2140b84f41c802/arc/src/ArcToken.sol#L770-L772

• Factory upgradeToken: https://github.com/immunefi-team/attackathon-plume-network/blob/580cc6d61b08a728bd98f11b9a2140b84f41c802/arc/src/ArcTokenFactory.sol#L261-L276

Proof of Concept

Link to PoC: https://gist.github.com/IronsideSec/3181bbdc8a917b6207580c69a96610ef

Follow the steps in the gist above to reproduce.